Consequences of assisted reproductive technologies for offspring function in cattle

Area of Science:

• Reproductive biology
• Developmental biology
• Animal science

Background:

• Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are widely used but associated with abnormal offspring development and increased disease risk in humans and animals.
• In vitro embryo production (IVEP) in cattle faces challenges like reduced pregnancy rates and increased neonatal complications.
• Long-term effects of IVEP in cattle include higher mortality, altered growth, and reduced adult performance.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the impact of the altered preimplantation environment on embryo and fetal programming.
• To discuss the cellular and molecular responses of embryos to the maternal environment during ART.
• To explore the role of epigenetic mechanisms in ART-induced developmental abnormalities.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on assisted reproductive technologies and offspring development.
• Analysis of cellular and molecular responses of embryos to in vitro culture conditions.
• Discussion of epigenetic modifications as a potential mechanism for altered phenotypes.

Main Results:

• ART can lead to developmental abnormalities and health issues in offspring due to suboptimal in vitro environments.
• IVEP in cattle is linked to pregnancy failures, neonatal problems, and long-term adverse effects on growth and performance.
• Epigenetic effects are proposed as a key mechanism mediating the long-term consequences of ART.

Conclusions:

• The preimplantation environment significantly influences embryo programming and subsequent offspring development.
• ART procedures may disrupt normal developmental programming, leading to both immediate and long-term health consequences.
• Further research into epigenetic mechanisms is crucial for mitigating the risks associated with ART.