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Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

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Programmable dynamic covalent nanoparticle building blocks with complementary reactivity.

Nicolas Marro¹, Flavio Della Sala¹, Euan R Kay¹

¹EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .

Chemical Science

|March 20, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces dynamic covalent nanoparticles for precise surface modification. These nanoparticles enable programmable assembly of adaptive nanoscale structures with tunable compositions and sizes.

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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

Area of Science:

Nanoscience
Synthetic Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Traditional nanoparticle modification uses kinetically controlled reactions, limiting selectivity.
Extending molecular chemistry principles to nanoparticles is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a new synthetic chemistry approach for nanoparticle functionalization using dynamic covalent chemistry.
To demonstrate programmable control over nanoparticle surface modification and assembly.

Main Methods:

Utilized monolayer-stabilized nanoparticles with dynamic covalent hydrazone exchange reactivity.
Employed thermodynamically governed reactions for controlled functionalization and assembly.
Applied quantitative 19F NMR spectroscopy for in situ reaction monitoring.

Main Results:

Achieved chemospecific transformations by pairing complementary nanoparticle-bound monolayers with molecular modifiers.
Demonstrated tunable product compositions, from mixed-ligand monolayers to exhaustive exchange.
Showcased the formation of robust, covalently linked binary nanoparticle aggregates.

Conclusions:

Dynamic covalent nanoparticles offer a programmable toolkit for flexible nanoparticle surface functionalization.
Adaptive nanoscale assemblies with tunable sizes and compositions can be constructed.
This approach advances the development of nanoparticle-based devices and materials.