Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

29.0K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
29.0K
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

48.3K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
48.3K
Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

41.9K
In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
41.9K
Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

58.0K
Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
58.0K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

16.6K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
16.6K
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

74.7K
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
74.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Phase Relations in the SrO-IrO<sub>2</sub>-Ir System in Air.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry·2021
Same author

Phase Equilibria and Crystal Chemistry of Rubidium Niobates and Rubidium Tantalates.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards (1977)·2021
Same author

Investigation of Calcium Aluminate Cement Phases Under High Gaseous Pressure.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards (1977)·2021
Same author

Effect of Oxide Additions on the Polymorphism of Tantalum Pentoxide: II. "Stabilization" of the High Temperature Structure Type.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry·2020
Same author

Effect of Oxide Additions on the Polymorphism of Tantalum Pentoxide: III. "Stabilization" of the Low Temperature Structure Type.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry·2020
Same author

Phase Equilibria in Systems Involving the Rare-Earth Oxides. Part I. Polymorphism of the Oxides of the Trivalent Rare-Earth Ions.

Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and chemistry·2020

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing
06:44

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Published on: June 9, 2023

3.6K

Solid State Reactions Involving Oxides of Trivalent Cations.

S J Schneider, R S Roth, J L Waring

    Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and Chemistry
    |March 21, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study investigates 69 binary systems of trivalent metal oxides, revealing structure stability regions for double oxides. Key findings map cation radii to structure types, aiding materials science research.

    More Related Videos

    Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV
    10:42

    Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

    Published on: December 29, 2016

    11.0K
    Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
    08:43

    Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

    Published on: October 27, 2018

    18.7K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Dec 25, 2025

    Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing
    06:44

    Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

    Published on: June 9, 2023

    3.6K
    Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV
    10:42

    Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

    Published on: December 29, 2016

    11.0K
    Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
    08:43

    Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

    Published on: October 27, 2018

    18.7K

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Solid State Chemistry
    • Inorganic Chemistry

    Background:

    • Double oxides of trivalent cations are crucial in materials science.
    • Understanding their phase equilibria and structure types is essential for predicting material properties.
    • Previous studies have explored various binary systems, but a comprehensive survey across a wide range of trivalent oxides was needed.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To systematically investigate the phase equilibria and structure types of selected binary systems involving 8 different trivalent metal oxides.
    • To correlate the stability of different crystal structures with the ionic radii of the constituent trivalent cations.
    • To map the subsolidus phase relationships for numerous binary oxide systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Preparation of mixtures in 69 binary systems involving Al2O3, Ga2O3, Cr2O3, Fe2O3, Sc2O3, In2O3, Y2O3, and rare earth oxides.
    • Heat treatment of the mixtures at various temperatures.
    • Characterization of the resulting phases using X-ray diffraction techniques.

    Main Results:

    • Identified stability regions for various structure types, including rare earth oxide types (A, B, C), corundum, beta gallia, kappa alumina, garnet, and perovskite.
    • The majority of A+3B+3O3 compounds were found to adopt the perovskite structure.
    • Observed solid solution formation in garnet-type compounds containing gallia and phases similar to kappa alumina in Fe2O3-Al2O3 and Fe2O3-Ga2O3 systems.
    • Established subsolidus phase equilibria for 79 binary systems based on experimental data.

    Conclusions:

    • The study successfully correlated cation radii with the stability of different crystal structures in binary trivalent metal oxides.
    • The findings provide a valuable dataset for predicting and designing new materials with desired structural and potentially functional properties.
    • The established phase diagrams serve as a foundation for further research into ternary and higher-order systems involving these oxides.