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Related Concept Videos

Glassware Calibration01:11

Glassware Calibration

1.2K
Accurate calibration of glassware, such as volumetric flasks, pipettes, and burettes, is essential to ensure accurate measurements in the analytical laboratory. Calibration helps maintain consistency across measurements and prevents errors arising from inaccurate volumes.
Volumetric flasks: Volumetric flasks are designed to prepare aqueous solutions of precise volumes accurately with a calibration line on the neck. To calibrate a volumetric flask, it is important to fill it with distilled...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

19.7K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
19.7K
Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

23.7K
Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
23.7K
Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

7.0K
When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
7.0K
Viscosity of Fluid01:19

Viscosity of Fluid

1.0K
Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
1.0K
Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete01:26

Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete

417
The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...
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Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy for operando Studies of Reaction and Transport Phenomena during Silicate Glass Corrosion
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Vitrons as Flow Units in Alkali Silicate Binary Glasses.

Leroy W Tilton

    Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and Chemistry
    |March 21, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study explores viscous flow in glasses, identifying two key processes: stress-induced fissuring and oxide modification of the silica network. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for glass science and material development.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Solid State Chemistry
    • Glass Science

    Background:

    • Viscous flow in glasses is a critical property influenced by temperature and composition.
    • The vitron concept, involving pentagonal ring structures, provides a framework for understanding glass behavior.
    • Previous research has linked volume-changing processes to various glass properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate two primary volume-changing processes affecting viscous flow in glasses.
    • To elucidate the role of vitrons, silica network modification, and bond dynamics in glass flow mechanisms.
    • To correlate these processes with temperature and compositional variations in glass.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of stress-induced variations in fissuring near vitrons.

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  • Examination of silica network distention and modification by added oxides.
  • Theoretical modeling based on the vitron concept and bond mechanics.

    • Main Results:

    • Viscous flow is facilitated by breaking tensed Si-O bonds in stressed tissues around vitrons.
    • Modifier oxides decrease viscosity and activation energy by increasing network pliability and fissure width.
    • At lower temperatures, fissure closure becomes dominant, increasing activation energy with modifier content.

    Conclusions:

    • The study proposes a unified view of viscous flow mechanisms in glasses based on vitron behavior and network modification.
    • The interplay between bond breaking, fissure dynamics, and modifier content dictates flow properties across different temperature regimes.
    • Understanding these processes is key to controlling glass properties for various applications.