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Intraindividual variability in behavior shapes fitness landscapes.

Toshinori Okuyama1

  • 1Department of Entomology National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan.

Ecology and Evolution
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Stochasticity, particularly between-generation variability, can maintain high intraindividual variability (IIV) in behavior. This occurs because IIV and mean traits interact, leading to transient selection for greater IIV even when no IIV is optimal.

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individual‐based modelintraindividual variabilitywithin‐individual variation

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Theoretical Ecology

Background:

  • Intraindividual variability (IIV) in behavior is crucial for ecological dynamics but its evolutionary drivers are unclear.
  • Understanding IIV is key to predicting population and community-level responses to environmental change.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of stochasticity on the evolution of intraindividual variability (IIV) in behavior.
  • To determine how within-generation and between-generation stochasticity influence the maintenance and selection of IIV.

Main Methods:

  • An individual-based model simulating prey behavior in response to predator encounters was developed.
  • The model incorporated prey strategies defined by mean and standard deviation of hiding duration (IIV).
  • Sources of stochasticity included random predator encounters (within-generation) and resource availability (between-generation).

Main Results:

  • Between-generation stochasticity maintains high IIV in populations, despite a theoretical optimum of no IIV.
  • The mean behavioral trait and IIV interact to influence fitness, leading to complex selection patterns.
  • High IIV can be transiently selected for, even when the population evolves towards a strategy with no IIV.

Conclusions:

  • Between-generation stochasticity is a significant factor in maintaining high levels of intraindividual variability in behavior.
  • The interplay between mean traits and IIV complicates evolutionary trajectories, potentially favoring temporary increases in variability.
  • These findings highlight the importance of considering environmental stochasticity when studying behavioral evolution.