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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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High-throughput Screening for Broad-spectrum Chemical Inhibitors of RNA Viruses
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Ribonucleases as antiviral agents.

O N Ilinskaya1, R Shah Mahmud1

  • 1Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, ul. Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, 420008 Russia.

Molecular Biology
|March 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Ribonucleases (RNases) show antiviral properties by inhibiting viral reproduction. This review explores their mechanisms and potential as novel antiviral therapeutics.

Keywords:
BS-RNaseMCPIP1 proteinRNase ARNase Lantiviral activitybinaseeosinophil-associated RNasesonconasesynthetic RNaseviruses

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Ribonucleases (RNases) are known to inhibit viral reproduction in various models.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms underlying their antiviral activity are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review known RNases with antiviral effects, including intracellular and exogenous types.
  • To discuss key molecular aspects like catalytic activity and dimerization.
  • To propose a model for virus elimination by exogenous RNases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of established antiviral RNases.
  • Analysis of catalytic activity and dimerization in RNase function.
  • Development of a hypothetical model for RNase-mediated virus elimination.

Main Results:

  • Identified intracellular (RNase L, MCPIP1, eosinophil-associated RNases) and exogenous (RNase A, BS-RNase, onconase, binase, synthetic RNases) RNases with antiviral effects.
  • Highlighted the roles of catalytic activity and dimerization in antiviral properties.
  • Proposed a scheme illustrating virus elimination by exogenous RNases.

Conclusions:

  • RNases are classical components of the immune defense system.
  • RNases represent promising agents for the development of new antiviral therapies.