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Related Concept Videos

Entropy01:18

Entropy

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

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In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics00:53

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides
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Universal Relation between Corrections to Entropy and Extremality.

Garrett Goon1, Riccardo Penco1

  • 1Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15217, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|March 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Perturbative corrections to general relativity modify black hole entropy and extremality bounds. These modifications suggest that perturbations decrease the mass of extremal black holes, hinting at weak gravity conjecture-like behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical physics
  • Gravitational systems
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • General relativity describes gravity and black holes.
  • Black hole entropy and extremality bounds are key properties.
  • Perturbative corrections can modify these fundamental aspects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between perturbative corrections to general relativity and black hole properties.
  • To establish a universal relation between corrections to black hole entropy and extremality bounds.
  • To explore the implications of these corrections for the mass of extremal black holes.

Main Methods:

  • Thermodynamic derivation.
  • Analysis of perturbative corrections to general relativity.
  • Comparison of extremal black hole masses under fixed extensive variables.

Main Results:

  • A universal relation between leading corrections to black hole entropy and extremality bounds was proven.
  • In cases of positive entropy correction, perturbations decrease the mass of extremal black holes.
  • The findings extend beyond gravitational systems.

Conclusions:

  • Perturbative corrections universally link changes in black hole entropy and extremality.
  • This work implies that extremal black hole properties exhibit weak gravity conjecture-like behavior.
  • The thermodynamic approach ensures broad applicability of the results.