Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
Published on: October 18, 2024
Marta Vianya-Estopa1, Manbir Nagra2, Arnold Cochrane3
1Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
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A 0.5 grading increment is recommended for grading anterior eye redness, balancing clinical precision and practitioner agreement. This finding aids in standardizing subjective assessments in eye care.
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