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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Nuclear Power02:36

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan01:13

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Radiological investigations are paramount in the diagnosis and management of various pulmonary diseases. Two essential investigations are the Pulmonary Angiogram and the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan.
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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
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TERTIARY X-RADIATION-A PROBLEM FOR STAFF PROTECTION?

H Eder1, M Seidenbusch2, L S Oechler3

  • 1Formerly Bavarian Environment Agency, Am Stadtpark 43, 81243 Munich, Germany.

Radiation Protection Dosimetry
|March 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tertiary x-radiation contributes minimally (0.15-0.55%) to staff radiation doses. A 0.125-mm lead equivalent back panel effectively shields staff from this secondary radiation in clinical settings.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiological Protection
  • Occupational Health

Background:

  • Tertiary x-radiation, generated by scattered radiation impacting room surfaces, poses an unknown risk to radiological staff.
  • Understanding the contribution of tertiary radiation to staff doses is crucial for effective radiation safety protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the impact of tertiary x-radiation on radiological staff doses.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of lead shielding against tertiary radiation.
  • To establish correlations between radiation exposure metrics and staff dosimetry.

Main Methods:

  • Measurements of personal dose equivalent Hp(10) using an anthropomorphic phantom and clinical staff.
  • Investigation of lead foil protective effects under tertiary radiation conditions.
  • Correlation analysis between dose area product (DAP) and dose length product (DLP) with staff dorsal doses.

Main Results:

  • Tertiary radiation accounts for 0.15% to 0.55% of scattered radiation doses to staff, dependent on x-ray energy.
  • A back panel with 0.125-mm lead equivalent was found sufficient for protection against tertiary radiation.
  • Correlations were established for clinical angiographic/interventional procedures.

Conclusions:

  • Tertiary x-radiation poses a minimal risk to radiological staff in typical clinical environments.
  • Standard protective measures, such as a 0.125-mm lead equivalent back panel, are adequate to mitigate tertiary radiation exposure.