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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Fabrication of a Bioactive, PCL-based "Self-fitting" Shape Memory Polymer Scaffold
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Star-Shaped Crosslinker for Multifunctional Shape Memory Polyurethane.

Xiuhuan Song1, Hong Chi1, Zibiao Li2

  • 1Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.

Polymers
|April 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Star-shaped cyclophosphazene (ACP) enhances polyurethanes, creating flame-retardant shape memory materials with excellent flexibility and rapid shape recovery. This crosslinker improves mechanical properties and fire resistance for advanced polymer applications.

Keywords:
crosslinkercyclophosphazeneflame retardancepolyurethanesshape memory

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Flame Retardant Technology

Background:

  • Polyurethanes (PUs) are versatile polymers with tunable properties.
  • Enhancing mechanical performance and introducing flame retardancy in PUs are critical for advanced applications.
  • Cyclophosphazene derivatives offer potential as functional crosslinkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of star-shaped cyclophosphazene (ACP) as a covalent crosslinker in polyurethanes.
  • To evaluate the impact of different ACP contents on the shape memory ability and fire resistance of polyurethanes.
  • To develop flame-retardant shape memory polyurethanes (FSPUs) with improved properties.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of polyurethanes crosslinked with varying amounts of star-shaped cyclophosphazene (ACP).
  • Mechanical testing using tensile tests to determine elongation-at-break.
  • Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to assess shape recovery ratio and thermal treatment for shape recovery speed.
  • Micro-combustion calorimetry (MCC) to evaluate fire resistance parameters like peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat released (THR), and temperature at pHRR (Tp).

Main Results:

  • Polyurethanes exhibited high flexibility with a maximum elongation-at-break of 161.59%.
  • Shape memory polyurethanes demonstrated a good shape recovery ratio of 72.58% after multiple cycles and rapid recovery within 10 seconds.
  • Flame-retardant shape memory polyurethanes (FSPUs) showed excellent inherent fire resistance with low pHRR (183.2 W/g), THR (21.4 KJ/g), and a high Tp (330.8 °C).

Conclusions:

  • Star-shaped cyclophosphazene (ACP) effectively enhances the mechanical properties, shape memory behavior, and flame retardancy of polyurethanes.
  • The developed FSPUs possess a promising combination of flexibility, shape memory, and fire resistance.
  • The findings suggest broad applicability of ACP as a crosslinker in thermosetting polymers for enhanced performance.