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    This study presents a novel electro-optical 4-to-2 encoder using photonic crystals and graphene. The device efficiently encodes optical signals with a compact footprint and low power requirements.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Nanotechnology
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Photonic crystals offer unique light manipulation properties.
    • Graphene-based materials enable tunable optical responses.
    • Efficient optical encoders are crucial for high-speed optical communication systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and simulate a novel electro-optical 4-to-2 encoder.
    • To utilize photonic crystals and graphene for optical signal encoding.
    • To analyze the performance and characteristics of the proposed encoder.

    Main Methods:

    • Design of a photonic crystal structure with silicon waveguides and graphene-Al2O3 stacks.
    • Simulation of optical wave transmission control via graphene chemical potential.
    • Analysis of output power margins for logic 0 and 1.

    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of the 4-to-2 encoding operation using specific chemical potentials (0.2 eV and 0.8 eV).
    • Achieved normalized output power margins of 8.2% for logic 0 and 46.7% for logic 1.
    • Proposed structure exhibits a compact footprint of approximately 127 µm² and requires an input optical power intensity of 100 mW/µm².

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed electro-optical encoder based on photonic crystals and graphene is a viable solution for optical signal processing.
    • The device offers efficient encoding capabilities with a small footprint and manageable power requirements.
    • This work contributes to the advancement of integrated photonic devices for future optical networks.