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Updated: Dec 25, 2025
Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Published on: January 20, 2023
Race and ethnicity considerations in traumatic brain injury research: Incidence, reporting, and outcome
Einat K Brenner1, Emily C Grossner1, Benjamin N Johnson1
1Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University , State College, Pennsylvania, USA.
Primary Objective:
This study has three goals: to determine whether there is a higher rate of traumatic brain injury (TBI) for people of color (POC), whether TBI studies report racial/ethnic demographics, and whether there is a discrepancy in discharge destinations between Whites and POC. We examined whether 1) a higher percentage of POC would sustain head injuries than expected, 2) the majority of TBI studies examined (>50%) would not include racial/ethnic demographics, and 3) Whites would be discharged to further treatment over POC.
Research Design:
Retrospective study and literature review.
Methods And Procedures:
Data from the Pennsylvania Trauma System Foundation was used to determine the number of POC with TBI using X2 analysis, as well as where patients with TBI were being discharged using a configural frequency analysis. PubMed was used for the literature search to examine the frequency of reporting race/ethnicity in TBI literature.
Main Outcomes And Results:
Results demonstrated that Blacks sustain more TBIs than would be expected (p < .05), the majority of scientific studies (78%) do not report racial/ethnic demographic information, and Whites are discharged to further care more often than POC.
Conclusions:
These findings highlight differences in incidence and treatment of TBI between White individuals and POC, raising important considerations for providers and researchers.
