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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Introduction to Virus01:28

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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Production of a SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like-Particle System to Investigate Viral Life Cycles In Vitro
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Forty years with coronaviruses.

Susan R Weiss1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|April 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Decades of coronavirus research provide crucial insights into understanding coronaviruses, including the novel SARS-CoV-2. This review highlights key findings from pre-SARS epidemic studies relevant to current viral research.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Coronaviruses are a significant family of viruses with a history of causing human and animal diseases.
  • Decades of research predating the 2003 SARS epidemic laid foundational knowledge in coronavirus biology and pathogenesis.
  • Understanding historical coronavirus research is essential for contextualizing and advancing the study of novel strains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize major findings in coronavirus research conducted before the SARS epidemic.
  • To elucidate how historical discoveries inform contemporary research on SARS-CoV-2.
  • To provide a historical perspective on coronaviruses for current scientific endeavors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical scientific literature on coronaviruses.

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  • Synthesis of key findings from pre-SARS epidemic research.
  • Analysis of the relevance of past discoveries to current SARS-CoV-2 research.

    • Main Results:

    • Identification of conserved features and varying characteristics across different coronavirus species.
    • Understanding of early insights into viral replication, host-pathogen interactions, and immune responses.
    • Recognition of patterns in zoonotic spillover and disease emergence relevant to novel coronaviruses.

    Conclusions:

    • Pre-SARS coronavirus research offers valuable insights into viral structure, function, and evolution.
    • Historical data is critical for developing effective diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for emerging coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2.
    • A comprehensive understanding of coronavirus history accelerates responses to new viral threats.