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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
6.8K
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Postoperative Hypoparathyroidism After Total Thyroidectomy in Children.

Michael J Zobel1, Roger Long2, Jessica Gosnell1

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.

The Journal of Surgical Research
|April 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Most children with hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy recover normal calcium levels within a year. Children with thyroid cancer and central lymph node dissection face higher risks of temporary hypoparathyroidism.

Keywords:
Central neck lymph node dissectionHypocalcemiaHypoparathyroidismThyroidectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrine Surgery
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Pediatric Endocrinology

Background:

  • Postoperative hypocalcemia is a common complication following pediatric total thyroidectomy.
  • Hypoparathyroidism can lead to temporary or permanent calcium imbalances.
  • Identifying risk factors is crucial for managing this complication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the rate of eucalcemia by 12 months post-thyroidectomy in children.
  • To identify risk factors associated with permanent hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy.
  • To evaluate the long-term outcomes of hypocalcemia in pediatric patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of pediatric patients undergoing total thyroidectomy (2012-2019).
  • Exclusion of patients with prior neck surgery.
  • Recording of surgical indications, pathology, and postoperative serum calcium levels up to 12 months.

Main Results:

  • 28% of patients experienced postoperative hypocalcemia; only 3% developed permanent hypoparathyroidism.
  • Risk factors for hypoparathyroidism included thyroid cancer diagnosis, central lymph node dissection (CLND), and parathyroid tissue in the specimen.
  • Most cases of hypocalcemia resolved by 12 months.

Conclusions:

  • A majority of children regain normal parathyroid function within one year after total thyroidectomy.
  • Thyroid cancer and CLND increase the risk of hypocalcemia, necessitating selective CLND.
  • Permanent hypoparathyroidism is rare in pediatric patients at specialized centers.