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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals
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Long-Term Socialization with Humans Affects Human-Directed Behavior in Goats.

Vincenzo Mastellone1, Anna Scandurra2, Biagio D'Aniello2

  • 1Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|April 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Highly socialized domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) seek more human interaction when faced with unsolvable tasks compared to less socialized goats. This highlights the impact of early socialization on animal behavior and human-animal relationships.

Keywords:
cognitive testdomesticationevolutiongoat behaviorheterospecific communicationimpossible task

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Area of Science:

  • Animal behavior
  • Socio-cognitive development
  • Domestication studies

Background:

  • Humans have domesticated few terrestrial mammals, with domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) serving as a model for non-companion animal socio-cognitive research.
  • Understanding how ontogenesis affects socio-cognitive abilities is crucial for studying animal-human interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the socio-cognitive skills and human interaction tendencies of goats with varying levels of early socialization.
  • To investigate behavioral responses in a challenging task paradigm.

Main Methods:

  • Two groups of goats (high and low human socialization) were assessed using the impossible task test.
  • Behavioral responses, including interaction with the experimenter and task-directed actions, were recorded.

Main Results:

  • Goats with high socialization spent more time interacting with the experimenter when the task became impossible.
  • Goats with low socialization showed increased behavior directed towards the door.
  • Highly socialized goats initiated more social contact overall.

Conclusions:

  • Early human socialization significantly influences the socio-cognitive responses of domestic goats to humans in challenging situations.
  • Socialized goats demonstrate a greater reliance on human interaction when facing unsolvable problems.