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Related Concept Videos

Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

760
Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
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Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants

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Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
669
CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

904
Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
904
Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

636
Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Generation of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol by a Third-Generation Machine-Vaping Device: Application to Toxicological Studies
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E-Cigarettes and Other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS).

Amy Brown1, Sophie J Balk2

  • 1Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, Immunology, and Sleep Medicine, Boston Children's Health Physicians, Hawthorne, NY, USA; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, 40 Sunshine Cottage, Skyline 1NE-29, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.

Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
|April 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and vaping pose significant health risks to youth and young adults, including severe lung injury (EVALI) and addiction. Public health efforts are crucial to prevent initiation and protect young people from these harms.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Toxicology
  • Adolescent Health

Background:

  • Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and vaping are prevalent among youth and young adults.

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  • Inhaled chemicals and toxicants from ENDS cause systemic and lung-specific harm.
  • Concerns exist about lifelong nicotine and polysubstance addiction from ENDS use.