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Related Concept Videos

Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

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Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
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Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

Tonsillitis II: Management

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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
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Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

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Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
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Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
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Otorrhoea - a parotid connection.

J Joseph1, S Maharaj1

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Parotid gland swelling and otorrhoea can present with complex etiologies.
  • Foreign body injuries to the ear canal may lead to unusual complications.

Observation:

  • A 36-year-old presented with an 18-month history of intermittent right parotid swelling and otorrhoea.
  • Symptoms began after a palm leaf injury to the right ear.

Findings:

  • Intraoperative findings revealed a fistula between the right external auditory canal and the parotid gland.
  • A fibrotic mass, likely a remnant of the palm leaf, was identified.

Implications:

  • Surgical excision of the foreign body remnant resolved parotid swelling and otorrhoea.
  • Spontaneous closure of the parotid fistula occurred post-operatively.