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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing
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Olfactory training ball improves adherence and olfactory outcomes in post-infectious olfactory dysfunction.

Ozlem Saatci1, Aytug Altundag2, Ozge Arici Duz3

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Sancaktepe Training and Research Hospital, Emek,Namık Kemal Cd. No: 7, Sancaktepe, 34785, Istanbul, Turkey. oreleos@hotmail.com.

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|April 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A novel olfactory training ball (OTB) improved adherence and olfactory outcomes compared to classical olfactory training (COT). Better adherence to olfactory training is linked to improved sense of smell.

Keywords:
OlfactionOlfactory trainingOlfactory training ballSmell

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction significantly impacts quality of life.
  • Olfactory training (OT) is a common treatment for olfactory dysfunction.
  • Current OT methods can be cumbersome, potentially affecting patient adherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of a novel olfactory training ball (OTB) compared to classical olfactory training (COT).
  • To assess the impact of adherence on olfactory outcomes in patients using the OTB and COT.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty patients with post-infectious olfactory dysfunction participated.
  • Intervention involved 12 weeks of twice-daily OT using either the OTB or COT.
  • Olfactory function was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks test before and after training. Adherence was measured using the Morisky scale.

Main Results:

  • The OTB group showed significantly higher TDI composite scores and odor discrimination scores than the COT group.
  • Adherence rates were significantly higher in the OTB group (63%) compared to the COT group (30%).
  • Improved adherence to OT correlated with better olfactory outcome measures.

Conclusions:

  • The olfactory training ball (OTB) is a novel device that enhances adherence to olfactory training.
  • The OTB demonstrates superior effectiveness in improving olfactory function compared to classical methods.
  • Adherence is a critical factor for successful olfactory training outcomes.