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Related Concept Videos

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance00:56

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance

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Clearance is a key pharmacokinetic parameter that quantifies the volume of body fluid from which a drug is entirely removed within a specific time frame. It is crucial in assessing how a drug is eliminated from the body and has critical clinical applications.
In the one-compartment open model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, clearance is estimated by dividing the elimination rate by the plasma drug concentration. This equation leverages the elimination rate constant and the apparent...
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Dosage Regimen Designs: Nomograms and Tabulations01:23

Dosage Regimen Designs: Nomograms and Tabulations

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Nomograms and tabulations are vital tools used by clinicians to design accurate and individualized dosage regimens. These instruments provide a straightforward method for adjusting dosages based on individual patient characteristics, including age, weight, and physiological condition. The foundation of a drug's nomogram is population pharmacokinetic data collected and analyzed using specific models. This data simplifies complex equations, presenting them diagrammatically or tabularly for easy...
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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One-Compartment Open Model for Extravascular Administration: Zero-Order Absorption Model01:12

One-Compartment Open Model for Extravascular Administration: Zero-Order Absorption Model

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Extravascular administration, such as oral or intramuscular routes, is a non-invasive drug delivery method, often preferred for ease and patient compliance. A key factor here is absorption, which dictates how quickly and effectively the drug enters the bloodstream from the administration site. Absorption follows either zero-order or first-order kinetics.
Zero-order absorption maintains a steady rate irrespective of the amount of drug left to be absorbed, making it a constant process. In the...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration01:18

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration

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The two-compartment model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration illustrates drug distribution in the body, subdividing it into central and peripheral compartments. This model operates on the concept of two-compartment kinetics. The drug's plasma concentration shows a bi-exponential decline following IV bolus administration, signaling the presence of two disposition processes: distribution and elimination.
The disparity between drug input and the sum of drug transfer rates between...
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Noninvasive and Invasive Renal Hypoxia Monitoring in a Porcine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock
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SpaceOAR© hydrogel rectal dose reduction prediction model: a decision support tool.

Owen Paetkau1, Isabelle M Gagne1,2, Abraham Alexander3,4

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.

Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics
|April 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

SpaceOAR hydrogel reduces rectal radiation dose in prostate cancer patients. Predictive models identify patients most likely to benefit, optimizing resource allocation for this rectal spacer.

Keywords:
SpaceOAR hydrogeldecision support toollinear modelingrectal dose

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics
  • Urology

Background:

  • Prostate cancer radiation therapy can cause rectal toxicity due to organ at risk (OAR) dose.
  • SpaceOAR hydrogel (SOH) implantation reduces rectal dose, but its effectiveness varies among patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors predicting rectal dose reduction from SOH implantation.
  • To develop models for selecting patients who will most benefit from SOH.

Main Methods:

  • Correlated pre-implant rectal-planning treatment volume (PTV) metrics with rectal dose reduction.
  • Developed predictive models for rectal V55Gy (RV55Gy) change and pre-SOH RV55Gy.
  • Utilized CT metrics and patient factors to predict SOH efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Predictive models achieved R-squared values of 0.81-0.88.
  • Established thresholds for pre-SOH RV55Gy (≥3%) and RV55Gy change (≥3.5%) identified 60% of patients with maximal dose reduction.
  • Developed predictive models, nomograms, and a workflow for clinical use.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-treatment metrics can predict SOH effectiveness in reducing rectal dose.
  • A clinical tool can aid in selecting patients for SOH to optimize resource use.
  • This approach supports personalized rectal dose management in prostate cancer radiation therapy.