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One of the simpler characteristics of sliding friction is that it is parallel to the contact surfaces between systems, and is always in a direction that opposes the motion or attempted motion of the systems relative to each other. If two systems are in contact and moving relative to one another, then the friction between them is called kinetic friction. For example, kinetic friction slows a hockey puck sliding on ice.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
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The aerodynamic force platform as an ergometer.

Marc E Deetjen1, Diana D Chin2, David Lentink1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, USA mdeetjen@alumni.stanford.edu dlentink@stanford.edu.

The Journal of Experimental Biology
|April 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel method for measuring in vivo aerodynamic power in flying animals. The new technique offers a more direct approach to calculating power output during flight, applicable to various species.

Keywords:
Aerodynamic force platformErgometerExternal powerFlightLocomotionStructured-light

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Aerodynamics
  • Animal locomotion

Background:

  • Accurate in vivo aerodynamic power measurement in animals is crucial but challenging.
  • Current methods rely on indirect estimations like wake flow analysis, inverse dynamics, or invasive physiological recordings.
  • Terrestrial locomotion power is more easily measured using force platforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a direct method for determining in vivo aerodynamic power.
  • To extend the concept of force platforms to aerodynamic power measurement.
  • To provide a versatile framework applicable to diverse animal locomotion.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a method based on the dot product of aerodynamic force and wing velocity vectors.
  • Utilized kinematics and morphology to define representative wing velocity.
  • Extended the principles of aerodynamic force platforms for direct power calculation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated the new method on a slowly flying dove.
  • The method provides a direct calculation of in vivo aerodynamic power.
  • The mathematical framework is compatible with flow field measurement analyses.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method offers a more direct and potentially less invasive way to measure aerodynamic power in vivo.
  • This approach is broadly applicable to flying, swimming, and surface-dwelling animals.
  • The framework enhances our understanding of the energetic costs of animal locomotion.