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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Proper Positioning and Restraint of a Rat Hind Limb for Focused High Resolution Imaging of Bone Micro-architecture Using In Vivo Micro-computed Tomography
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Proper Positioning and Restraint of a Rat Hind Limb for Focused High Resolution Imaging of Bone Micro-architecture Using In Vivo Micro-computed Tomography

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Radiation-induced changes to bone composition extend beyond periosteal bone.

Gurjit S Mandair1, Megan E Oest2, Kenneth A Mann2

  • 1School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Bone Reports
|April 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas increases fracture risk due to radiation-induced bone injury. This study reveals that irradiation impacts bone composition differently across its layers, with lasting effects on bone fragility.

Keywords:
Bone compositionBone qualityCortical boneMouse modelPost-irradiationRaman spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Patients undergoing radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas face increased risk of post-irradiation bone fragility fractures.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding the factors controlling radiation-induced bone injury, particularly spatial variations within bone tissue.
  • Previous research focused on periosteal bone changes, neglecting deeper cortical bone layers like endosteal and mid-cortical bone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatial and temporal effects of irradiation on cortical bone composition in a pre-clinical model.
  • To test the hypothesis that post-irradiation changes are more pronounced in endosteal bone compared to mid-cortical or periosteal bone.

Main Methods:

  • A pre-clinical mouse model utilized limited field hindlimb irradiation (4 daily doses of 5 Gy).
  • Tibiae were analyzed at multiple time points (0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-irradiation).
  • Raman spectroscopy assessed spatial and temporal changes in mineral/matrix and collagen crosslink ratios within the cortical bone.

Main Results:

  • Significant early spatial differences in bone composition (mineral/matrix and collagen crosslink ratios) were observed between endosteal and outer cortical bone layers at 2 weeks post-irradiation.
  • These spatial differences were transient, but mineral/matrix ratios decreased and collagen crosslink ratios increased over time throughout the entire tibial metaphyseal cortex.
  • Irradiation demonstrably alters cortical bone composition in a spatially dependent manner, beginning as early as two weeks post-treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Irradiation negatively impacts cortical bone composition in a spatially dependent manner, with effects detectable from 2 weeks post-treatment.
  • Progressive, long-term changes across all cortical bone sites following irradiation may contribute to an elevated risk of bone fragility fractures.
  • Understanding these spatial and temporal effects is crucial for mitigating radiation-induced bone damage in cancer patients.