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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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How Can Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Cause Hyperprogression in Solid Tumors?

Morgane Denis1,2, Michael Duruisseaux1,3, Marie Brevet1,4

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Immune checkpoint inhibitors can paradoxically accelerate tumor growth, a phenomenon called hyperprogressive disease. This review explores biomarkers and mechanisms behind this dangerous response in cancer patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) revolutionized cancer treatment.
  • A subset of patients exhibit hyperprogressive disease (HPD) after ICI therapy.
  • HPD is characterized by accelerated tumor growth and reduced survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on hyperprogressive disease (HPD).
  • To discuss potential predictive biomarkers for HPD.
  • To explore mechanisms underlying ICI-associated HPD.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search was conducted.
  • Included retrospective studies and case reports.
  • Focused on hyperprogressive disease and immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • HPD incidence varies widely (4-29%).
  • Several potential predictive biomarkers were identified.
  • Mechanisms contributing to HPD are under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperprogressive disease is a critical challenge in immunotherapy.
  • Identifying predictive biomarkers is crucial for patient selection.
  • Further research into HPD mechanisms may guide therapeutic strategies.