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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Translaminar Autonomous System Model for the Modulation of Intraocular and Intracranial Pressure in Human Donor Posterior Segments
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Sub-region-Specific Optic Nerve Head Glial Activation in Glaucoma.

Kazuya Oikawa1,2,3, James N Ver Hoeve2,3, Leandro B C Teixeira3,4

  • 1Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

Molecular Neurobiology
|April 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Early glaucoma involves cell proliferation and immune responses in the optic nerve head, even before vision loss. Microglia and oligodendrocyte precursor cells show increased activity in early stages of this neurodegenerative disease.

Keywords:
GlaucomaMicrogliaNF-κBNeuroinflammationOligodendrocyteOptic nerve headRNA-seqToll-like receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, characterized by optic nerve damage.
  • The exact cellular and molecular mechanisms driving glaucoma pathogenesis are not fully understood.
  • Intraocular pressure (IOP) is a known risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate early molecular events in the optic nerve head (ONH) during glaucoma development.
  • To utilize a large animal model with ONH structure similar to humans.
  • To identify molecular pathways and cellular responses preceding detectable axon loss.

Main Methods:

  • Gene expression profiling using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) on ONH tissues.
  • Bioinformatic analysis to identify molecular processes and pathways.
  • Immunolabeling to provide cell-, region-, and disease-specific context.

Main Results:

  • Transcriptomic evidence of cell proliferation and immune/inflammatory responses in early glaucoma.
  • Proliferation of microglia and oligodendrocyte precursor cells observed in early-stage glaucoma.
  • Toll-like receptor and NF-κB signaling pathways implicated in early glaucoma pathophysiology.

Conclusions:

  • Early glaucoma involves significant cellular and molecular changes in the ONH, including immune responses and cell proliferation.
  • Microgliosis is a consistent feature across early and chronic glaucoma stages.
  • Understanding these early molecular events offers critical insights into glaucoma pathophysiology prior to irreversible damage.