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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

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aPKC in neuronal differentiation, maturation and function.

Sophie M Hapak1, Carla V Rothlin2,3, Sourav Ghosh3,4

  • 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A.

Neuronal Signaling
|April 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atypical Protein Kinase Cs (aPKCs) are crucial for nervous system development and function. This review explores their roles in neural development and maturation, suggesting links to neuropsychiatric diseases.

Keywords:
learning and memoryneurodevelopmentneuronal differentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Atypical Protein Kinase Cs (aPKCs), including PRKCI, PRKCZ, and PKMζ, form a subfamily of Protein Kinase C (PKC).
  • These kinases are expressed in the nervous system throughout development and adulthood, with PKMζ showing nervous system restriction.
  • aPKCs regulate fundamental cellular processes vital for neural function, such as proliferation, differentiation, polarity, migration, survival, and glucose uptake.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expression and function of aPKCs in neural development.
  • To examine the role of aPKCs in neuronal maturation and function.
  • To discuss the potential involvement of aPKCs in human neuropsychiatric diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on aPKC expression and function in the nervous system.
  • Analysis of findings from genetic deletion and gene silencing studies.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on aPKC roles in neurodevelopment and neuronal function.

Main Results:

  • aPKCs are widely expressed in the nervous system and influence critical cellular functions.
  • Evidence suggests aPKCs are involved in neurodevelopmental processes and neuronal maturation.
  • Conflicting results exist between genetic deletion and gene silencing studies regarding aPKC function.

Conclusions:

  • aPKCs are strongly implicated in regulating key neurodevelopmental and neuronal functions.
  • Despite methodological discrepancies, aPKCs are considered significant candidates for these roles.
  • Dysregulation of aPKCs may be associated with various human neuropsychiatric disorders.