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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Updated: Dec 24, 2025

RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Papillomaviruses Go Retro.

Jian Xie1, Pengwei Zhang1, Mac Crite2

  • 1Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) enter cells via a unique retrograde transport pathway. Understanding this entry mechanism is key to developing new strategies against HPV infections and related cancers.

Keywords:
HPVcell-penetrating peptidecervical cancerendosomepapillomavirusretrograde traffickingretromervirus entryγ-secretase

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RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are significant pathogens linked to approximately 5% of human cancers.
  • Crucial stages of the papillomavirus life cycle, particularly genome replication, remain poorly understood.
  • HPV DNA transport from the cell surface to the nucleus is essential for its life cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence supporting the unique entry mechanism of HPV into host cells.
  • To focus on the critical step of viral particle transfer from endosomes into the retrograde pathway.
  • To provide insights into cellular biology and potential strategies for inhibiting HPV infection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent findings on HPV entry mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the role of cellular proteins in HPV trafficking.
  • Examination of intracellular membrane-bound vesicles involved in retrograde transport.

Main Results:

  • HPV entry is a complex process requiring numerous cellular proteins.
  • The pathway involves a series of intracellular membrane-bound vesicles, characteristic of retrograde transport.
  • A key step is the transfer of the incoming virus particle from the endosome into the retrograde pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Recent discoveries have significantly advanced the understanding of HPV entry.
  • The identified entry mechanism offers novel insights into fundamental cellular processes.
  • This knowledge can guide the development of rational therapeutic approaches to combat HPV infections.