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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

335
Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
335
Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

509
Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
509
Trachea01:22

Trachea

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The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the human respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for air to travel between the larynx and the bronchi, allowing oxygen to reach the lungs. Let's explore its anatomical features, dimensions, layers of the tracheal wall, associated muscles, and the functions of its parts.
Anatomical Features:
Location: About half of the trachea is situated in the neck, anterior to the esophagus, and extends from the larynx (at the level of...
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques01:30

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques

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Airway management is essential in emergency and surgical medicine, ensuring ventilation and oxygenation in patients who cannot maintain their own airway. Clinicians use a range of techniques and devices to secure the airway, depending on the patient’s condition and the clinical context. Key methods include endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence intubation (RSI), supraglottic airway devices, and advanced visualization aids. In cases where these approaches fail, surgical airway...
377
Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management01:26

Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

182
Mitral stenosis, a condition marked by the narrowing of the mitral valve, necessitates an integrated approach for effective management. This approach includes preventative measures, medical therapy, and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.PreventionPrevention of mitral stenosis primarily focuses on reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which can lead to rheumatic fever and subsequent valvular damage. Timely...
182
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

656
Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close-Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing
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Idiopathic subglottic stenosis: a review.

Carlos Aravena1,2, Francisco A Almeida1, Sanjay Mukhopadhyay3

  • 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Journal of Thoracic Disease
|April 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a rare airway obstruction. Diagnosis is challenging, often delayed, and requires excluding other conditions like GPA.

Keywords:
Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS)granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)laryngostenosissubglottic stenosis (SGS)tracheal stenosis

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Fibrotic Airway Diseases

Background:

  • Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a fibrotic condition causing central airway obstruction below the glottis.
  • The etiology of iSGS remains unclear, complicating diagnosis and management.
  • Diagnosis is often delayed due to its similarity to other respiratory conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of idiopathic subglottic stenosis.
  • To detail the morphology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and evaluation of iSGS.
  • To outline current management strategies and discuss the prognosis of iSGS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on idiopathic subglottic stenosis.
  • Discussion of diagnostic workup, including exclusion of conditions like granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA).
  • Analysis of therapeutic options, encompassing endoscopic procedures, surgery, and medical therapy.

Main Results:

  • iSGS diagnosis is challenging and frequently delayed.
  • Comprehensive evaluation is necessary to exclude other diseases and characterize the stenosis.
  • Management involves a combination of endoscopic interventions, surgery, and potentially medical therapy to prevent recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Idiopathic subglottic stenosis requires a thorough diagnostic approach.
  • Multimodal treatment strategies are essential for effective management and preventing recurrence.
  • Understanding the pathophysiology and clinical course is key to improving patient outcomes.