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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Colors and Magnetism03:02

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Diamagnetism01:26

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7âˆ'ÃŽ ´/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 STO Single-crystal Substrates
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Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7âˆ'ÃŽ ´/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 STO Single-crystal Substrates

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Intrinsic and tunable ferromagnetism in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 through CaFeO3-δ modification.

N T Hung1, N H Lam1, A D Nguyen2,3

  • 1School of Engineering Physics, Ha Noi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet road, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.

Scientific Reports
|April 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary

New lead-free ferroelectric materials were developed by creating (1-x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 + xCaFeO3-δ solid solutions. This modification enhanced structural distortion, reduced band gaps, and improved ferromagnetism in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Ferroelectrics

Background:

  • Bismuth sodium titanate (Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3) is a lead-free ferroelectric material with potential applications.
  • Understanding defect-induced properties and modifications is crucial for optimizing lead-free materials.
  • Doping with secondary phases can alter the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of host materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and characterize new (1-x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 + xCaFeO3-δ solid solutions.
  • To investigate the effect of CaFeO3-δ addition on the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3.
  • To explore the potential of these solid solutions for lead-free ferroelectric applications.

Main Methods:

  • Sol-gel synthesis for fabricating (1-x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 + xCaFeO3-δ solid solutions.
  • Structural analysis to confirm solid solution formation and crystal symmetry.
  • Optical measurements to determine band gap energies.
  • Photoluminescence spectroscopy to assess defect-related emissions.
  • Experimental and theoretical (density functional theory) studies to investigate magnetism.

Main Results:

  • Solid solutions with similar crystal symmetry to Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 were successfully formed.
  • Ca and Fe cation distribution induced structural distortion in the Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 lattice.
  • Optical band gaps decreased from 3.11 eV (pure Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3) to 2.34 eV (9 mol% CaFeO3-δ).
  • Photoluminescence was weak in pure Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 and suppressed with increasing CaFeO3-δ concentration.
  • Pure Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 exhibited intrinsic ferromagnetism, which was enhanced by CaFeO3-δ addition.

Conclusions:

  • The addition of CaFeO3-δ as a solid solution effectively modifies the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3.
  • The observed ferromagnetism in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 is linked to intrinsic defects and is enhanced by CaFeO3-δ doping.
  • This work provides insights into utilizing secondary phases in solid solutions to develop advanced lead-free ferroelectric materials.