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Related Concept Videos

Moment of a Force: Problem Solving01:29

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Understanding the scalar formulation of the moment of a force and applying it correctly through problem-solving is crucial in designing and analyzing mechanical systems. Here are the steps for problem-solving with the moment of a force:
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A square-threaded screw jack is a mechanical device widely used for lifting heavy loads or applying considerable force. Its operation is based on converting the force applied at its handle into a torsional moment, causing the upward impending motion of the screw. This movement is accomplished by overcoming the static friction between the threads of the screw and the jack.
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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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A toggle clamp is a mechanical device commonly used for holding and clamping objects in various applications, such as woodworking, metalworking, and assembly operations. Consider a toggle clamp subjected to a force of 200 N at the handle. The vertical clamping force can be calculated, provided the dimensions of the toggle clamp are known.
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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
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Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. Consider a lifting tong carrying a 100 kg load. It comprises movable sections DAF and CBG linked together with member AB.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Force System with Vertical V-Bends: A 3D In Vitro Assessment of Elastic and Rigid Rectangular Archwires
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Extraction force and its determinants for minimally invasive vertical tooth extraction.

Thomas Dietrich1, Ivan Schmid2, Michael Locher3

  • 1Department of Oral Surgery, The School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Oral Surgery, Birmingham Dental Hospital, Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|April 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Vertical tooth extraction forces vary significantly, with higher forces needed for teeth in occlusion and those with larger root surface areas. Minimally invasive devices like the Benex® extractor aim to reduce surgical trauma.

Keywords:
Atraumatic extractionRisk factorsSocket healingTooth extractionWound healing

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Area of Science:

  • Dental surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Oral health

Background:

  • Minimally invasive vertical extraction devices reduce flap surgery and alveolar bone trauma.
  • Understanding extraction forces is crucial for optimizing these techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure forces required for vertical tooth extraction.
  • To identify determinants influencing these extraction forces.

Main Methods:

  • A precision load cell was coupled with a Benex® extractor.
  • Extraction forces were recorded for 59 routine tooth root extractions.
  • Linear mixed models analyzed determinants like age, sex, tooth type, root surface attachment area (RSAA), and occlusal status.

Main Results:

  • Maximum extraction forces (Fmax) ranged from 41N to 629N.
  • Teeth in occlusion required significantly higher forces (average 104N increase).
  • Increased RSAA was associated with higher Fmax (64N per SD increase).
  • Age, sex, and tooth type did not significantly affect extraction forces.

Conclusions:

  • Vertical extraction forces vary widely, from under 50N to over 600N.
  • Higher forces are associated with teeth in functional occlusion and larger root surface areas.
  • The Benex® system offers a minimally invasive approach, but force variability must be considered.