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Updated: Dec 24, 2025
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Force System with Vertical V-Bends: A 3D In Vitro Assessment of Elastic and Rigid Rectangular Archwires
Published on: July 24, 2018
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Extraction force and its determinants for minimally invasive vertical tooth extraction.
Thomas Dietrich1, Ivan Schmid2, Michael Locher3
1Department of Oral Surgery, The School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Oral Surgery, Birmingham Dental Hospital, Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|April 14, 2020
Summary
Vertical tooth extraction forces vary significantly, with higher forces needed for teeth in occlusion and those with larger root surface areas. Minimally invasive devices like the Benex® extractor aim to reduce surgical trauma.
Area of Science:
- Dental surgery
- Biomechanics
- Oral health
Background:
- Minimally invasive vertical extraction devices reduce flap surgery and alveolar bone trauma.
- Understanding extraction forces is crucial for optimizing these techniques.
Purpose of the Study:
- To measure forces required for vertical tooth extraction.
- To identify determinants influencing these extraction forces.
Main Methods:
- A precision load cell was coupled with a Benex® extractor.
- Extraction forces were recorded for 59 routine tooth root extractions.
- Linear mixed models analyzed determinants like age, sex, tooth type, root surface attachment area (RSAA), and occlusal status.
Main Results:
- Maximum extraction forces (Fmax) ranged from 41N to 629N.
- Teeth in occlusion required significantly higher forces (average 104N increase).
- Increased RSAA was associated with higher Fmax (64N per SD increase).
- Age, sex, and tooth type did not significantly affect extraction forces.
Conclusions:
- Vertical extraction forces vary widely, from under 50N to over 600N.
- Higher forces are associated with teeth in functional occlusion and larger root surface areas.
- The Benex® system offers a minimally invasive approach, but force variability must be considered.
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