Body stalk anomalies in pig-Definition and classification

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Pathology
• Developmental Biology
• Comparative Medicine

Background:

• Congenital malformations, including body wall closing defects (BWCD), present significant challenges in veterinary medicine.
• Abdominoschisis and thoracoabdominoschisis are severe forms of BWCD that can occur with other developmental anomalies.
• Understanding the spectrum and classification of these defects is crucial for diagnosis and research.

Purpose of the Study:

• To describe and classify body wall closing defects (BWCD) and associated congenital anomalies in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus).
• To establish a standardized classification system for these complex malformations in swine.
• To provide the first report on BWCD and associated defects in pigs.

Main Methods:

• Clinical examination of eight pigs exhibiting body wall defects and multiple congenital anomalies.
• Comprehensive literature review on congenital malformations in pigs.
• Classification of defects based on anatomical and embryological criteria.

Main Results:

• Four types of body wall closing defects (BWCD) presentations were identified and classified (BSA Type I-IV).
• Two types of limb-body wall complex (LBWC) were differentiated: LBWC Type I (thoracoabdominoschisis) and LBWC Type II (abdominoschisis).
• Specific associations between BWCD types and limb defects were noted.

Conclusions:

• A novel classification system for body wall closing defects (BWCD) and associated anomalies in pigs has been established.
• This classification provides a framework for future research into the etiology and pathogenesis of these defects in swine.
• This study represents the inaugural documentation of BWCD and LBWC in the pig model.