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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
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Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
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Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
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[Infectious upper airway obstruction].

A Pfleger1, E Eber1

  • 1Klinische Abteilung für Pädiatrische Pulmonologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34/2, 8036 Graz, Österreich.

Padiatrie Und Padologie
|April 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infants with upper airway infections may face breathing emergencies. Prompt diagnosis and treatment, like steroids and nebulized epinephrine for viral laryngotracheobronchitis, are crucial for managing acute stridor.

Keywords:
EpiglottitisEpinephrineLaryngotracheobronchitisPhysical examinationTracheitis

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases

Context:

  • Upper airway infections in infants and toddlers can rapidly escalate to critical respiratory distress.
  • Prompt recognition and management are vital for preventing complete airway obstruction.

Purpose:

  • To outline the diagnostic approach and therapeutic strategies for acute stridor in pediatric patients.
  • To differentiate common viral causes from rare but serious bacterial infections affecting the pediatric airway.

Summary:

  • Key historical questions include symptom onset, fever, and pre-existing respiratory conditions.
  • Physical examination focuses on the child's position, vital signs, and the presence of inspiratory or biphasic stridor.
  • Viral laryngotracheobronchitis, the most frequent cause of acute stridor, is effectively managed with systemic steroids and nebulized epinephrine.

Impact:

  • Facilitates timely and appropriate intervention for pediatric patients experiencing acute stridor.
  • Reduces morbidity and mortality associated with severe upper airway obstruction in children.
  • Guides primary care physicians in managing emergent airway conditions in young children.