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Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
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From White Count to White Out.

Ji Won Kim

    Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
    |April 15, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A 6-month-old infant with failure to thrive was diagnosed with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia due to hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome. This rare cause of infant hypoxia highlights the importance of emergency physicians recognizing life-threatening conditions.

    Keywords:
    Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumoniahyper immunoglobulin M syndromehypoxia

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    Area of Science:

    • Pediatrics
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Failure to thrive and hypoxia in infants can indicate serious underlying conditions.
    • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is an uncommon but severe infection in infants.
    • Hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome is a rare primary immunodeficiency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report a case of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in an infant with hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome.
    • To emphasize the importance of considering rare causes of hypoxia in pediatric emergency medicine.

    Main Methods:

    • Case report of a 6-month-old boy presenting with failure to thrive, leukocytosis, hypoxia, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates.
    • Diagnostic workup included chest radiography and identification of Pneumocystis jirovecii.
    • Underlying diagnosis of hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome was established.

    Main Results:

    • The patient was diagnosed with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.
    • The pneumonia was secondary to hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome.
    • The infant presented with significant hypoxia and diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph.

    Conclusions:

    • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, though rare, is a critical consideration in hypoxic infants.
    • Hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome should be considered in infants with recurrent or severe infections.
    • Pediatric emergency physicians must maintain awareness of life-threatening, uncommon causes of hypoxia in infants.