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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process01:27

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The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating
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Recent Progress in Continuous-Flow Hydrogenation.

Tao Yu1, Jiao Jiao2,3, Peidong Song1

  • 1Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.

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|April 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers are advancing continuous-flow hydrogenation for safer, efficient chemical synthesis. Innovations in catalysts, reactors, and artificial intelligence are enhancing reaction performance and sustainability in flow chemistry.

Keywords:
continuous flowheterogeneous catalysishomogeneous catalystshydrogenationmultistep

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Synthesis
  • Process Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Continuous-flow hydrogenation is a cornerstone of chemical synthesis, demanding safer, efficient, and sustainable production methods.
  • Recent advancements focus on novel catalyst types, immobilization techniques, and flow reactor technologies.
  • Integration with emerging fields like artificial intelligence is transforming traditional approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on continuous-flow hydrogenation.
  • To highlight improvements in reaction times, selectivity, and operational safety.
  • To discuss the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of flow chemistry in hydrogenation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research in continuous-flow hydrogenation.
  • Analysis of new catalyst and reactor technologies.
  • Exploration of artificial intelligence applications in flow chemistry.

Main Results:

  • Development of new catalysts and immobilization methods for enhanced performance.
  • Implementation of advanced flow reactors and technologies for improved efficiency and safety.
  • Successful integration of artificial intelligence to optimize hydrogenation processes.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous-flow hydrogenation offers significant advantages in safety, efficiency, and sustainability.
  • Ongoing research addresses current limitations, paving the way for fully automated production.
  • Future directions emphasize further optimization and broader application of flow chemistry principles.