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Ribozymes02:47

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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
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Naturally occurring modified ribonucleosides.

Phillip J McCown1, Agnieszka Ruszkowska1, Charlotte N Kunkler1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|April 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modified ribonucleosides, beyond the standard four, are crucial in all life domains and impact RNA function and human health. This review details 143 known modifications, their origins, and disease links.

Keywords:
RNA modificationmRNAncRNArRNAtRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Modified ribonucleosides, discovered in 1951, are prevalent across all life domains, impacting RNA structure and function.
  • These modifications range from simple methylations to complex glycosylations and exist in various RNA types, including transfer, ribosomal, messenger, and noncoding RNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the 143 known modified ribonucleosides.
  • To detail their taxonomic distributions, the enzymes responsible for their synthesis, and their roles in cellular processes, RNA structure, and human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on modified ribonucleosides.
  • Categorization of modifications based on chemical structure, taxonomic distribution, and functional implications.

Main Results:

  • Characterization of 143 distinct modified ribonucleosides, detailing their presence across different organisms and RNA types.
  • Identification of enzymes involved in generating these modifications and their link to cellular functions.
  • Association of aberrant RNA modifications with human diseases, including cancer and developmental disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Modified ribonucleosides play critical roles in cellular processes, RNA structure, and organismal viability.
  • Understanding these modifications is essential for comprehending human health and disease.
  • Ongoing research focuses on identifying novel modifications and their specific roles in various RNA molecules.