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Related Concept Videos

Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Interphase00:56

Interphase

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
Phases of Interphase
Following each period of mitosis and cytokinesis, eukaryotic cells enter interphase, during which they grow and replicate...
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Interphase00:54

Interphase

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
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Chromosome dynamics during interphase: a biophysical perspective.

Maxime Mc Tortora1, Hossein Salari1, Daniel Jost1

  • 1Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|April 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biophysical modeling helps understand chromosome dynamics and genome folding. This approach integrates experimental data to reveal how protein interactions and energy-dependent processes influence chromatin motion during interphase.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Chromosome organization is dynamic and crucial for DNA transcription and replication.
  • The molecular mechanisms linking genome function, structure, and dynamics are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility of biophysical modeling in studying chromosome dynamics.
  • To explore the impact of various mechanisms on genome folding kinetics.
  • To discuss current ambiguities and future directions in chromatin dynamics research.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on biophysical modeling to rationalize experimental studies.
  • Introduction to the relationship between chromatin organization and dynamics.
  • Outline of passive (protein-mediated) and active (energy-dependent) processes affecting chromatin motion.

Main Results:

  • Biophysical modeling offers a framework to interpret experimental findings on chromosome dynamics.
  • Passive and active processes significantly influence chromatin motion and genome folding.
  • In vivo observations present ambiguities, especially concerning ATP depletion and transcriptional activation.

Conclusions:

  • Biophysical modeling is instrumental in understanding chromosome dynamics and genome folding.
  • Further research is needed to resolve ambiguities in in vivo chromatin dynamics.
  • Integrating modeling with experiments will advance our knowledge of genome regulation.