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Bias

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

Motivational Bias

Motivational Bias

Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...

Confirmation Biases

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

Cause and Effect

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Statistical regularities across trials bias attentional selection.

Ai-Su Li¹, Jan Theeuwes¹

¹Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance

|April 24, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Participants can learn statistical regularities across trials to improve attentional selection. This statistical learning helps bias attention toward likely target locations, enhancing efficiency.

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Last Updated: Dec 23, 2025

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Visual Attention

Background:

Attentional selection can be biased by expected target and distractor locations.
Statistical learning is assumed to enable extraction of display regularities, influencing attentional bias.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the ability to extract statistical regularities across trials using the additional singleton task.
To determine if statistical learning influences attentional selection based on intertrial regularities.

Main Methods:

Employed the additional singleton task across four experiments.
Assessed participants' capacity to detect statistical regularities in target positions over successive trials.

Main Results:

Participants demonstrated the ability to learn statistical regularities of target positions across trials.
This learning occurred irrespective of the presence or absence of distracting information.

Conclusions:

Statistical learning enables the extraction of intertrial associations regarding subsequent target locations.
This learned information dynamically biases attentional selection, optimizing target acquisition through spatial priority map adjustments.