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Memory for impressions is enhanced when facial cues match behavioral or trait information. This appearance-congruity advantage is larger for untrustworthy faces, especially with more extreme emotional expressions.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Memory for social impressions is influenced by the congruence between facial characteristics and behavioral or trait information.
  • Previous research indicates a memory advantage for impressions when valence cues align between faces and verbal information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific contributions of valence to appearance-congruent memory advantages.
  • To examine how trustworthiness of faces interacts with the valence of behaviors and traits in memory.

Main Methods:

  • Study 1: Paired untrustworthy and trustworthy faces with positive, negative, and neutral behaviors, assessing impression memory.
  • Study 2: Paired untrustworthy and trustworthy faces with positive, negative, and neutral traits, assessing impression memory.
  • Statistical analyses were used to correct for response biases and identify true appearance-congruity advantages.

Main Results:

  • An appearance-congruity advantage for behavioral impressions was larger for untrustworthy faces, particularly with negative behaviors.
  • For trait impressions, the advantage was partly due to appearance-congruent responding, especially for untrustworthy faces.
  • More extreme valence in impressions led to better memory, irrespective of facial trustworthiness or congruence.

Conclusions:

  • True appearance-congruity advantages in impression memory may be greater for untrustworthy faces when verbal cues are more contextualized (behaviors vs. traits).
  • Forming impressions of extremely valenced cues enhances memory, regardless of congruence with facial characteristics.
  • The findings highlight the nuanced interplay between facial valence, behavioral/trait information, and memory for social impressions.