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The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty – Techniques, Innovations, and Practical Guidance for Clinical Integration

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Published on: January 26, 2024

Medialized Total Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis

Marc D Polanik^1,2,3, Aaron K Remenschneider^1,2,3,4

¹Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

|April 25, 2020

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

Keywords:

conductive hearing loss hearing loss ossiculoplasty stapedotomy temporal bone imaging total ossicular replacement prosthesis treatment outcome

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