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Related Concept Videos

Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Evaluation of LC3-II Release via Extracellular Vesicles in Relation to the Accumulation of Intracellular LC3-positive Vesicles
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LC3-dependent extracellular vesicle loading and secretion (LDELS).

Andrew M Leidal1, Jayanta Debnath1

  • 1Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, USA.

Autophagy
|April 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel secretory autophagy pathway, LC3-Dependent EV Loading and Secretion (LDELS), uses autophagy machinery to package RNA-binding proteins and RNAs into extracellular vesicles for secretion, distinct from classical autophagy.

Keywords:
Extracellular vesiclesRNA-binding proteinsautophagyexosomes

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Autophagy Research

Background:

  • Autophagy-related (ATG) proteins are increasingly recognized for their roles in cellular secretion.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical mediators of intercellular communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize a novel secretory autophagy pathway.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which RNA-binding proteins and small non-coding RNAs are secreted via EVs.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the role of LC3 conjugation machinery in protein and RNA secretion.
  • Utilized techniques to analyze the contents of extracellular vesicles.
  • Differentiated the novel pathway from classical macroautophagy.

Main Results:

  • Identified a new pathway termed LC3-Dependent EV Loading and Secretion (LDELS).
  • Demonstrated that LDELS specifically incorporates RNA-binding proteins and small non-coding RNAs into EVs.
  • Showcased that LDELS requires LC3 conjugation machinery but not other autophagosome formation ATGs.

Conclusions:

  • The autophagy machinery, via LDELS, actively participates in the secretion of specific cellular cargo, including RNA-binding proteins and RNAs, through extracellular vesicles.
  • LDELS represents a distinct mechanism of cellular secretion, separate from macroautophagy.
  • This pathway offers new insights into how autophagy influences intercellular communication through the exchange of genetic material and proteins via EVs.