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Related Concept Videos

Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
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Chapter 12. Antiviral Agents.

James L Kelley1

  • 1Wellcome Research Laboratories, Burroughs Wellcome Co. Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.

Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry
|April 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Antiviral agents are crucial for combating RNA and DNA viruses, particularly respiratory pathogens like influenza. While amantadine treats influenza A, research is ongoing for broader-spectrum antivirals and improved treatments for viral infections.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Respiratory tract infections are common, caused by RNA viruses like Orthomyxoviridae (influenza) and Picornaviridae (rhinoviruses).
  • Influenza A and B viruses cause significant mortality during epidemics, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe pneumonia.
  • Current treatments include influenza A prophylaxis with amantadine, but there is a need for more effective antiviral agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review antiviral agents targeting RNA viruses, with a focus on respiratory pathogens.
  • To discuss the efficacy and limitations of existing antiviral drugs.
  • To highlight ongoing research into novel antiviral strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of antiviral agents and their mechanisms of action.

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  • Discussion of clinical applications and side effects of key antiviral drugs.
  • Exploration of emerging strategies for broader-spectrum antiviral development.

    • Main Results:

    • Amantadine and rimantadine are effective against influenza A but have CNS side effects.
    • Acyclovir shows promise against DNA viruses, particularly herpesviruses, but optimal clinical use requires further study.
    • Current antiviral agents often target viral nucleic acid synthesis and require virus-specific activation.

    Conclusions:

    • Development of effective antiviral agents against RNA viruses, especially for respiratory infections, remains a priority.
    • Further research is needed to optimize the use of existing antivirals like acyclovir.
    • Future efforts are focused on developing broader-spectrum antiviral agents with novel mechanisms of action.