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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: Establishing CENP-E Knockout HeLa Cells – A Novel Approach to Study Kinesin-7 CENP-E Biology and its Inhibitors
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Leaving no-one behind: how CENP-E facilitates chromosome alignment.

Benjamin Craske1, Julie P I Welburn1

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, U.K.

Essays in Biochemistry
|April 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Centromere Protein E (CENP-E) is crucial for proper chromosome alignment during cell division. This review details CENP-E

Keywords:
cellular reproductionchromosomekinetochoremicrotubule motorregulation

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Accurate chromosome alignment and biorientation are vital for cell division and maintaining genomic stability.
  • While most chromosomes align independently, some require motor proteins for proper positioning.
  • Centromere Protein E (CENP-E), a kinesin motor, plays a key role in this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the function of CENP-E in chromosome congression.
  • To explore the mechanisms of CENP-E loading onto kinetochores.
  • To summarize the regulation of CENP-E activity during mitosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CENP-E function and regulation.
  • Analysis of recent findings on CENP-E interactions with other motor proteins.
  • Examination of studies detailing kinetochore targeting and motor activity control.

Main Results:

  • CENP-E utilizes plus-end directed microtubule motility to move mono-oriented chromosomes to the spindle equator.
  • CENP-E collaborates with chromokinesins and dynein for effective chromosome congression.
  • New insights into CENP-E's targeting and regulatory mechanisms at the kinetochore have been uncovered.

Conclusions:

  • CENP-E is essential for ensuring accurate chromosome segregation by mediating chromosome congression.
  • Understanding CENP-E's loading and regulation provides critical insights into mitotic fidelity.
  • Further research into CENP-E function can illuminate pathways for maintaining genomic stability.