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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Pediatric perampanel poisoning.

Mariam Qozi1, F Lee Cantrell1

  • 1California Poison Control System, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.

The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
|May 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Perampanel overdose in children is not well-documented. Two pediatric cases show that even low doses can cause drowsiness, ataxia, and bradycardia, requiring intensive care.

Keywords:
OverdosePediatricPerampanelPoisoningToxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Clinical Toxicology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Perampanel is an antiepileptic drug used to treat partial-onset seizures.
  • Limited data exists regarding perampanel overdose, especially in pediatric populations.

Observation:

  • Two cases of perampanel ingestion in 2-year-old children are presented.
  • Case 1: Female ingested 0.77mg/kg, developing drowsiness and ataxia within 1 hour, followed by bradycardia at 6 hours. Required pediatric intensive care unit admission and fluid treatment.
  • Case 2: Male ingested 0.25mg/kg, developing ataxia within 1 hour. Discharged after 6-hour emergency department observation without treatment.

Findings:

  • Pediatric perampanel overdose can lead to significant neurological symptoms like ataxia and drowsiness.
  • Bradycardia is a potential complication, even with moderate doses.
  • Severity of symptoms may correlate with the ingested dose.

Implications:

  • Highlights the need for increased awareness of perampanel toxicity in children.
  • Suggests that even accidental pediatric ingestions warrant medical evaluation.
  • Informs clinical management guidelines for perampanel overdose in young children.