Celiac disease: a multi-faceted medical condition.

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Gastroenterology
• Genetics

Background:

• Celiac disease (CD) is a prevalent autoimmune disorder affecting genetically predisposed individuals.
• Gluten ingestion triggers immune responses, leading to intestinal mucosa damage.
• Factors like intestinal microbiota and microRNAs are implicated in CD pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive overview of celiac disease.
• To highlight the role of gluten, genetics, and immune mechanisms.
• To discuss diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on celiac disease.
• Analysis of diagnostic criteria including serological markers and duodenal biopsy.
• Examination of the impact of dietary gluten and treatment.

Main Results:

• CD affects 0.5-1% of the population, more frequently in women.
• Classic symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
• Diagnosis relies on autoantibodies (anti-tTG, anti-EM IgA) and duodenal biopsy findings (villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, IELs).

Conclusions:

• A lifelong gluten-free diet is the sole effective treatment for CD.
• MicroRNAs show potential as diagnostic biomarkers.
• Understanding the interplay of genetics, environment, and immune response is crucial for managing CD.