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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
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Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
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Pharmacotherapy With Attention-Deficit Disorder.

Barbara J Limandri

    Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
    |May 1, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. This review covers ADHD

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Psychiatry
    • Developmental Psychology

    Background:

    • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in children, often persisting into adulthood.
    • Core symptoms include inattentiveness and hyperactivity, linked to delayed cortical maturation.
    • Neurophysiological studies reveal altered functional connectivity in key brain regions like the prefrontal cortex.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a comprehensive overview of ADHD, encompassing its definition, manifestations, and comorbidities.
    • To discuss the epidemiology, neurophysiological underpinnings, and current pharmacological treatment strategies for ADHD.
    • To synthesize current knowledge on ADHD for clinicians and researchers.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of ADHD definition, manifestations, comorbidities, epidemiology, neurophysiology, and treatment.

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  • Synthesis of findings from neurophysiological studies on brain connectivity.
  • Analysis of pharmacological interventions, particularly dopamine agonist sympathomimetics.

    • Main Results:

    • ADHD is characterized by inattentiveness and restlessness, associated with a 2-3 year delay in cortical maturation.
    • Functional connectivity alterations are observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex.
    • Sympathomimetics acting as dopamine agonists are primary pharmacological treatments.

    Conclusions:

    • ADHD is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with significant implications for children and adults.
    • Understanding neurophysiological changes is crucial for effective management.
    • Pharmacological interventions, primarily sympathomimetics, play a key role in managing ADHD symptoms.