SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2-dependent implications on the cardiovascular system: From basic science to clinical...

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Cardiology
• Immunology

Background:

• The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents a global health crisis with high mortality rates, especially in elderly individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD).
• Understanding the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its interaction with the cardiovascular system is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 infection pathways and their implications for cardiovascular disease.
• To investigate the role of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in SARS-CoV-2 entry and its relationship with CVD.
• To discuss potential therapeutic strategies and the acute and long-term cardiac consequences of COVID-19.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on SARS-CoV-2 molecular mechanisms, ACE2 function, and cardiovascular disease.
• Analysis of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and its interaction with viral entry.
• Synthesis of information regarding risk factors, disease progression, and treatment options for COVID-19 patients with CVD.

Main Results:

• SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the ACE2 receptor for cell entry, potentially disrupting the protective functions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
• Individuals with CVD, particularly those on RAAS inhibitors, face increased risks due to altered ACE2 expression and function.
• The virus can lead to multi-organ failure and sudden death, highlighting the vulnerability of the cardiovascular system.

Conclusions:

• Cardiovascular disease is a significant risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes.
• Further research into ACE2 modulation and targeted therapies is needed to mitigate cardiac complications.
• A comprehensive understanding of viral-cardiac interactions is essential for managing the COVID-19 pandemic and its long-term health effects.