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Body:Improving a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is paramount for enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Various strategies are employed to protect the drug from the harsh gastric milieu and to ensure its release and absorption at the desired site within the GI tract.Polymer coatings are one such method used to shield drugs from the stomach's acidic environment. By preventing premature drug release, these coatings improve the bioavailability of unstable...
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Extraction of Plant-based Capsules for Microencapsulation Applications
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Protein Encapsulation Using Complex Coacervates: What Nature Has to Teach Us.

Whitney C Blocher McTigue1, Sarah L Perry1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Protein encapsulation using complex coacervation offers a promising, aqueous-based alternative to traditional methods. This approach leverages liquid-phase separation to protect protein viability and enhance loading efficiency.

Keywords:
bioinspired materialscomplex coacervationpolyelectrolyte complexationprotein encapsulation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Food Science
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Protein encapsulation is crucial for food and medicine, but current methods face challenges with loading and protein viability, often requiring organic solvents.
  • Nature utilizes aqueous environments and crowded cellular compartments, like membraneless organelles, to stabilize proteins, suggesting the importance of the surrounding material environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review encapsulation strategies based on liquid-liquid phase separation, focusing on complex coacervation.
  • To discuss parameters for creating protein-containing coacervate formulations.
  • To highlight opportunities for tailored materials in protein encapsulation and stabilization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on protein encapsulation strategies.
  • Focus on liquid-liquid phase separation and complex coacervation.
  • Analysis of parameters influencing coacervate formulation for protein encapsulation.

Main Results:

  • Complex coacervation mimics cytoplasmic material properties, offering an aqueous-based alternative for protein encapsulation.
  • The review consolidates existing knowledge on coacervation for protein sequestration.
  • Identifies key parameters for successful protein-containing coacervate formulation.

Conclusions:

  • Complex coacervation presents a viable, nature-inspired strategy for high-loading, high-viability protein encapsulation.
  • Tailoring material properties of coacervates can further enhance protein stabilization.
  • This approach holds significant potential for advancements in food science and medicine.