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Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
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Dynamic changes in generalized anxiety and depression during counseling.

Christopher R Niileksela1, Arpita Ghosh1, Rebecca A Janis2

  • 1Department of Educational Psychology, University of Kansas.

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Improvement in depression during counseling may predict better generalized anxiety outcomes. However, anxiety improvements don't always lead to better depression, suggesting a complex relationship in mental health treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Psychology
  • Mental Health Research
  • Counseling Psychology

Background:

  • Generalized anxiety and depression frequently co-occur in clinical settings.
  • Understanding the interplay between anxiety and depression changes is crucial for effective therapeutic interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the longitudinal relationships between changes in generalized anxiety and depression symptoms during counseling.
  • To examine if these relationships differ based on initial presenting concerns (anxiety only, depression only, or both).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a large dataset (N = 51,922) from U.S. university and college counseling centers.
  • Utilized bivariate dual change score models to assess within-session changes across 12 counseling sessions.
  • Examined data from students presenting with anxiety only, depression only, and comorbid anxiety and depression.

Main Results:

  • Greater improvement in depression was associated with greater improvement in generalized anxiety.
  • Conversely, greater improvement in generalized anxiety was linked to less improvement in depression.
  • This pattern held true across all groups, including those with anxiety only, depression only, and both conditions.

Conclusions:

  • While both anxiety and depression generally improved, depression reduction appears to be a leading indicator for anxiety improvement.
  • The findings suggest a directional influence where earlier gains in depression may foster later gains in anxiety.
  • These insights can inform treatment strategies, emphasizing the importance of addressing depression to potentially enhance anxiety treatment outcomes.