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Related Concept Videos

Behavior of Concrete Under Compressive Load01:23

Behavior of Concrete Under Compressive Load

485
Concrete exhibits specific behaviors under different compressive loads. Understanding this is crucial for understanding its structural integrity. When concrete undergoes uniaxial compression, it tends to develop cracks that run parallel to the direction of the force. These parallel cracks stem from localized tensile stresses that occur perpendicular to the compression direction. Additionally, angled cracks may appear due to the formation of shear planes.
As the concrete specimen fractures under...
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Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength01:12

Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength

381
The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a non-destructive technique for evaluating the hardness of concrete and, indirectly, the strength of concrete. It operates on the principle that the rebound of a spring-driven mass from a concrete surface correlates to the surface's hardness. The device comprises a mass within a tubular housing, a spring mechanism, and a plunger that strikes the concrete. Upon release, the energy imparted to the mass by the spring causes it...
381
Relation Between Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength of Concrete01:30

Relation Between Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength of Concrete

564
Concrete is a fundamental building material, and understanding its strengths is crucial for construction projects. The relationship between its tensile and compressive strengths is intricate, showing that while these strengths are related, they do not increase at the same rate. Tensile strength's growth is slower and is affected by various factors such as the methods used for testing, the size and shape of the specimen, the texture of the aggregate used, and the moisture content of the...
564
Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

382
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
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Bulk Modulus01:21

Bulk Modulus

633
The bulk modulus is a scientific term used to describe a material's resistance to uniform compression. It is the proportionality constant that links a change in pressure to the resulting relative volume change.
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Compacting Factor test01:22

Compacting Factor test

463
The compacting factor test is a method used to assess the workability of concrete. It is  especially suitable for concrete mixes containing aggregates up to one and a half inches in size. This test involves specialized equipment consisting of two truncated cone-shaped hoppers and a cylinder, all with polished interior surfaces to minimize friction.
The procedure begins by placing concrete into the upper hopper without any compaction. Once filled, the bottom door of this hopper is opened,...
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Updated: Dec 22, 2025

A Probing Device for Quantitatively Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Soft Tissues during Arthroscopy
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The differences in measured prostate material properties between probing and unconfined compression testing methods.

Blake Johnson1, Scott Campbell2, Naira Campbell-Kyureghyan3

  • 1Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200N Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.

Medical Engineering & Physics
|May 9, 2020
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Summary

This study characterized prostate mechanical properties using compression and probing methods. Results showed similar elastic moduli for both techniques, with a strain rate dependency that can improve prostate models.

Keywords:
CompressionFailure propertiesModulusProstateStrain rate

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Materials Science
  • Organ Mechanics

Background:

  • Understanding organ mechanical properties is crucial for predicting behavior under load.
  • The prostate gland has limited mechanical characterization data.
  • Testing methods can influence measured mechanical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the mechanical behavior of the prostate gland.
  • To compare two different compressive testing methods.
  • To investigate the effect of loading rates on mechanical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Two compressive testing methods (compression and probing) were used.
  • Human and porcine prostate specimens were tested.
  • Various loading rates were applied to assess strain rate dependency.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in elastic modulus were found between compression and probing protocols.
  • Elastic modulus showed a strain rate dependency, ranging from 0.08 MPa to 0.24 MPa for human specimens and 0.2 MPa to 0.4 MPa for porcine specimens.
  • A material model was developed to quantify strain rate dependence and stress-strain behavior; failure stress and strain were independent of strain rate.

Conclusions:

  • Compression and probing protocols yield comparable elastic modulus values for prostate tissue.
  • The developed material model and observed strain rate dependency can enhance predictive models of prostate gland response to dynamic loads.