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Related Concept Videos

Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

Structures of the Endocrine System

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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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An Overview of the Endocrine System01:10

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The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
The endocrine system collaborates...
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What is the Endocrine System?00:46

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The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively affect. These signals are produced in endocrine cells, secreted into the extracellular fluid, and then diffuse into the blood. Eventually, they diffuse out of the blood and bind to target cells which have specialized receptors to recognize the hormones.
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The Endocrine System01:29

The Endocrine System

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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure
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Endocrine components of newborn screening.

Melissa Russell1

  • 1Eastern Virginia Medical School, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Children's Specialty Group, PLLC, Norfolk, VA, United States.

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Summary

Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism and congenital adrenal hyperplasia is crucial for early detection and treatment, preventing serious health issues. Understanding factors affecting results and varying state protocols aids accurate diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Newborn screening is vital for early detection and treatment of congenital disorders.
  • Congenital hypothyroidism and congenital adrenal hyperplasia are key endocrine conditions assessed in all newborns.
  • Timely intervention prevents intellectual disability and adrenal crisis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of newborn screening for endocrine disorders.
  • To discuss factors influencing screening accuracy and interpretation.
  • To emphasize the need for confirmatory testing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current newborn screening practices for endocrine disorders.
  • Analysis of factors affecting screening test results (e.g., assay sensitivity, reference ranges).
  • Discussion of state-specific screening protocol variations.

Main Results:

  • False positive and false negative results are possible for congenital hypothyroidism and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
  • Assay improvements and reference range adjustments impact detection rates.
  • State screening protocols differ, affecting result interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection and treatment of congenital endocrine disorders via newborn screening are critical.
  • Understanding variables impacting screening results is essential for accurate diagnosis.
  • Confirmatory testing is mandatory for all abnormal newborn screen results.