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Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
Published on: September 26, 2025
Non-invasive Transdermal Delivery of Human Insulin Using Ionic Liquids: In vitro Studies
Ludmilla R Jorge1, Liliam K Harada1, Erica C Silva1
1PhageLab - Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages of University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil.
Abstract:
In this research project, synthesis and characterization of ionic liquids and their subsequent utilization as facilitators of transdermal delivery of human insulin was pursued. Choline geranate and choline oleate ionic liquids (and their deep eutectic solvents) were produced and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), water content, oxidative stability, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays, and ability to promote transdermal protein permeation. The results gathered clearly suggest that all ionic liquids were able to promote/facilitate transdermal permeation of insulin, although to various extents. In particular, choline geranate 1:2 combined with its virtually nil cyto- and geno-toxicity was chosen to be incorporated in a biopolymeric formulation making it a suitable facilitator aiming at transdermal delivery of insulin.
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